Cyclotomics package implements cyclotomic numbers which are sums of roots of unity.
The coefficients of the sum are in general taken from a ring.
E.g. the imaginary unit is represented by E(4), the fourth root of 1,
while algebraic number (1 + √5)/2 can be written exactly as E(5) + E(5)^4.
In summary the package implements
- Cyclotomic numbers as structs based on
SparseVectors, - basic arithmetic on those: module and ring structures that take advantage of (lazy) normalization,
- a few predicates (e.g.
isreal) and conversions tofloat/Rational/Complexnumbers, - Zumbroich basis (by three different methods), thread-safe and memoized.
julia> using Cyclotomics
julia> e = E(45) # 45-th root of unity
ζ₄₅
julia> isone(E(5)^5) # 5-th root of unity to power 5 gives the unit
trueConsider the following element
julia> w = e + e^2 + e^8 + e^11 + e^17 + e^26 + e^29 + e^38 + e^44
ζ₄₅ + ζ₄₅² + ζ₄₅⁸ + ζ₄₅¹¹ + ζ₄₅¹⁷ + ζ₄₅²⁶ + ζ₄₅²⁹ + ζ₄₅³⁸ + ζ₄₅⁴⁴Since the vector space spanned by 45-th roots of unity is of dimension less
than 45 not all roots are needed to express a cyclotomic number of degree 45.
For example the following is a different way to write w:
julia> x = E(45) + E(45)^5 # or E(45) + E(9)
ζ₄₅ + ζ₄₅² + ζ₄₅⁸ + ζ₄₅¹¹ + ζ₄₅¹⁷ + ζ₄₅²⁶ + ζ₄₅²⁹ + ζ₄₅³⁸ + ζ₄₅⁴⁴
julia> x == w
trueAnd that's 9-th root of unity in its normal form (i.e. written in the canonical basis):
julia> E(45, 5) # == E(45)^5 == E(9)
-ζ₉⁴-ζ₉⁷
We define module structures with different coefficients
julia> E(45, 5)
-ζ₉⁴-ζ₉⁷
julia> 3E(45, 5)
-3*ζ₉⁴ -3*ζ₉⁷
julia> 2.0E(45, 5) - E(9)
-1.0*ζ₉⁴ -1.0*ζ₉⁷
as well as conversions to standard julia types
julia> complex(2.0x)
3.5126250237210965 + 1.5639214212932075im
julia> float(E(3))
ERROR: InexactError: float(Float64, 1*E(3)^1)
Stacktrace:
[1] float(#unused#::Type{Float64}, α::Cyclotomic{Int64, SparseArrays.SparseVector{Int64, Int64}})
@ Cyclotomics ~/.julia/dev/Cyclotomics/src/cycl.jl:168
[2] float(α::Cyclotomic{Int64, SparseArrays.SparseVector{Int64, Int64}})
@ Cyclotomics ~/.julia/dev/Cyclotomics/src/cycl.jl:171
[3] top-level scope
@ REPL[15]:1
julia> complex(E(3))
-0.4999999999999998 + 0.8660254037844387im
julia> float(E(3) + E(3)^2)
-1.0
julia> Rational(E(3) + E(3)^2)
-1//1
When possible we try to promote to Cyclotomics
julia> E(5) + im
-ζ₂₀ + ζ₂₀⁴-ζ₂₀⁹-ζ₂₀¹³-ζ₂₀¹⁷
julia> (1.0+2im) + E(5)
-2.0*ζ₂₀ -1.0*ζ₂₀⁸ -2.0*ζ₂₀⁹ -1.0*ζ₂₀¹² -2.0*ζ₂₀¹³ -1.0*ζ₂₀¹⁶ -2.0*ζ₂₀¹⁷
julia> (1.0+2.0im) - 2E(4)
1.0
julia> typeof(ans)
Cyclotomic{Float64, SparseArrays.SparseVector{Float64, Int64}}
julia> isreal((1.0+2.0im) - 2E(4))
true
However cyclotomic numbers can store non-rational algebraic numbers:
julia> z = E(5)^2+E(5)^3
ζ₅² + ζ₅³
julia> isreal(z)
true
julia> Rational(z)
ERROR: InexactError: Rational( 1*E(5)^2 + 1*E(5)^3)
Stacktrace:
[1] Rational{Int64}(α::Cyclotomic{Int64, SparseArrays.SparseVector{Int64, Int64}})
@ Cyclotomics ~/.julia/dev/Cyclotomics/src/cycl.jl:192
[2] Rational(α::Cyclotomic{Int64, SparseArrays.SparseVector{Int64, Int64}})
@ Cyclotomics ~/.julia/dev/Cyclotomics/src/cycl.jl:195
[3] top-level scope
@ none:1
julia> z ≈ (-1-sqrt(5))/2
true