AlgebraPDF.jl

Adding, multiplying density functions, fitting LLH
Author mmikhasenko
Popularity
17 Stars
Updated Last
5 Months Ago
Started In
May 2020

AlgebraPDF

Documentation Build Status

Basic functionality:

  • Attach default values of parameters to a function
  • Update, fix, release parameters
  • constructing a complex model object from set of function:
    • algebra of functions with parameters, e.g. f₁ + f₂, abs2(f), or log(f).
  • On-fly normalization
  • construction of mixed models in the form f₁ PDF₁ + f₂ PDF₂ + f₃ PDF₃.
  • construction of likelihood function and extended likelihood function
  • plotting recipes

Current implementation is limited to immutable operations.

An example

plots/sixcompfit.png

Model construction and Extended MLE fit

using AlgebraPDF
using DelimitedFiles


const xth = 2.95
const support = xth .+ (0, 0.22)

data = readdlm("data.txt")[:,1]
# Nev = size(data,1)

# amplitude for the signal
Φ2(x) = sqrt(x-xth)
Γ(x,m,Γ₀) = Γ₀*Φ2(x)/Φ2(m)
breitwigner(x,m,Γ₀) = 1/(m^2-x^2-1im*m*Γ(x,m,Γ₀)) 

# I) phase space function, also the background
phasespace = FunctionWithParameters((x;p)->Φ2(x), ∅) # pass λ-function
backgrpdf = Normalized(phasespace, support) # get PDF

# II) define a type SimpleBW and the method `func` for dispatch
struct SimpleBW{P} <: AbstractFunctionWithParameters
    p::P
end
import AlgebraPDF:func
function func(bw::SimpleBW, x::NumberOrTuple; p=pars(bw))
    m,Γ = (getproperty(p,s) for s in keys(bw.p))
    breitwigner(x, m, Γ)
end

# Signal1-4: |A|^2 * phase_space
signalpdfs = 
    [Normalized(abs2(A)*phasespace, support)
        for A in [
            SimpleBW((m1=3.00, Γ1=6.5e-3)),
            SimpleBW((m2=3.05, Γ2=2.3e-3)),
            SimpleBW((m3=3.06, Γ3=4.0e-3)),
            SimpleBW((m4=3.09, Γ4=9.9e-3))]
        ]

# III) The threshold function, also |Ath|^2 * phase_space
@makefuntype SimpleBWg(x;p) =
    1/(p.m0^2 - x^2 - 1im*p.g^2*Φ2(x))
#
signalpdf0 = Normalized(
        abs2(SimpleBWg((m0=2.95, g=0.01)))*phasespace,
        support)

# the full model - sum of components
model0 = 
    signalpdf0 * (f0=0.05Nev,) +
    signalpdfs[1] * (f1=0.25Nev,) + signalpdfs[2] * (f2=0.15Nev,) + 
    signalpdfs[3] * (f3=0.15Nev,) + signalpdfs[4] * (f4=0.55Nev,) +
    backgrpdf * Ext(fb=0.3Nev,) # Ext - to be able to fix
# 
model1 = fixpar(model0, :fb, 17.2)
# 
# fit with your favorite package

The plotting commands see in plots/example.jl. Detailed description of the methods follows.

Call the function

The object behave similar to a regular function with a keyword argument p set to freepars(d) by default. Once p is used a full set of parameters needs to be provided.

g = FGauss((μ=1.2, σ=0.1))
# call on a single argument
g(0.7) # use default parameters
g(0.7; p==1.6, σ=0.2)) # use provided parameters
g(0.7, [1.6, 0.2]) # same as before, see `NamedTuple{keys(freepars(g))}`
# incorrect calls
g(0.7; p==1.6,)) # error: no σ is given
g(0.7; p==0.2,)) # error: no μ is given
# broadcasting
g(rand(10))
g(rand(10); p==1.6, σ=0.2))

Update parameter values

The function structure immutable, therefore, the method on modification of parameters returns a new object

d = FunctionWithParameters((x;p)->x^2+p.a, (a=1.0,))
# 
d′ = updatepar(d, :a, 2.0)
d′′ = updatepars(d, (a=2.0,))

Fix/release parameter values

By extending the parameter structure, one gets a possibility to fix/release the parameters.

g = FGauss(Ext=1.2, σ=0.1)) # Ext for extended
# 
g′ = fixpar(g, )
g′ = fixpar(g, , 1.3)
# 
freepars(g′) # (σ=0.1,)
fixedpars(g′) # (μ=1.3,)
#
g′(0.7; p==0.2,)) # now works since μ is fixed
g′(0.7; p==0.2, μ=1.6)) # will use the fixed value of μ=1.2
g′′ = updatepar(g′, , 1.2) # however, the update fill do
# 
g′′′ = releasepar(g′′, )
g′′′ == g # true

Algebra of functions

Several operations on a function are implemented, as abs2 and log.

# an example of complex-valued function
f = FunctionWithParameters((x;p)->1/(p.m^2-x^2-1im*p.m*p.Γ), (m=0.77=0.15))

fabs2 = abs2(f1)
flog = log(fabs2)

A simple arithmetics on a pair of function also works.

# operations with two functions
f1 = FunctionWithParameters((x;p)->abs(x)<1 ? 1-(2x)^2 : -3, ∅)
f2 = FunctionWithParameters((x;p)->p.a*exp(-x)+p.b, (a=0.1,b=0.1))
#
fprod = f1*f2
# 
fsum = f1+f2
fsub = f1-f2

The summation and subtraction adds a new parameter for the coefficient of the functions, p.α1*f1+p.α2*f2. The parameter can be passed with

+(f1,f2; p=(c1=1.1,c2=2.2))
+(f1,f2; p=Ext(c1=1.1,c2=2.2)) # the coefficients can be fixed 
# using explicit constructor:
FSum([f1,f2], (c1=1.1,c2=2.2))
FSum([f1,f2], Ext(c1=1.1,c2=2.2))
# subtraction is an addition
f1-f2 == +(f1,f2; p=(α1=1.0,α2=-1.0)) # true

Perhaps, a more transparent constuction of the same sum can be done using a linear decomposition:

(c1=1.1,) * f1 + (c2=2.2,) * f2

Where a multiplication of a function to a parameter type returns a sum with a single term. A special method on the addition on the sum is called.

Create/implement the functions with parameters

It is just a function to which a container with parameters (default values) is attached. The container can be static NamedTuple, or extended which can flag parameters as free and fixed.

There are three main constructors:

  1. lambda-function is explicitly given
FunctionWithParameters(f::F, p::P)
  1. user-defined stucture which is subtype of AbstractFunctionWithParameters:
struct myAmazingF{P} <: AbstractFunctionWithParameters
    p::P
end
func(d::myAmazingF, x::NumberOrTuple; p=pars(d)) = ... # expression
  1. using a macro @makefuntype:
@makefuntype myAmazingF(x;p) = ... # expression

Create/implement normalized functions

The idea is to attach also the limit to the function and compute the integral of it for the given parameter on-fly. To make the normalization efficient, a call of the function on the AbstractVector implements a broadcasting with a single computation of normalization.

myNormalized(1.1) # use default values of parameters, calls normalization once
myNormalized(rand(100)) # use default values of parameters, also calls normalization once
myNormalized(rand(100); p = (a=1.2, b=3.3)) # ignors defalt parameters

The PDF has two main representations (the ways to define):

  1. A struct with the reference to the unnormdensity<:AbstractFunctionWithParameters.
struct Normalized{T<:AbstractFunctionWithParameters,L} <: AbstractPDF{1}
    unnormdensity::T
    lims::L
end

A regular function can be wrapper to FunctionWithParameters: FunctionWithParameters((x;p)->p.c0+p.c1*x, (c0=1.0, c1=2.0))

  1. Alternativerly, the density can be defined using a dispatch on a customaty_type <: AbstractPDF{1}. E.g.,
struct Pol1SinSq{T,N} <: AbstractPDF{1}
    p::T
    lims::N
end
func(d::Pol1SinSq, x::NumberOrTuple; p=pars(d)) = p.a*sin(x+p.b)^2+1  # an example of the function

The limits can be checked with lims(d).

Defined parameter names or defined parameter order

Creating a function or pdf can be conveniently done with macro

# for BW1 <: AbstractPDF{1}
@makepdftype BW1(x, p) = p.m*p.Γ/(p.m^2-x^2-1im*p.m*p.Γ)

which expands into

# implementation with NAMES of parameters build into the funciton call
struct BW1{P} <: AbstractFunctionWithParameters
    p::P
end
import AlgebraPDF:func
func(bw::BW1, x::NumberOrTuple; p=pars(bw)) = p.m*p.Γ/(p.m^2-x^2-1im*p.m*p.Γ)

Slightly better implementation where only the order of the arguments are fixed, while the names are determined when the instance is created.

# implementation with ORDER of parameters build into the funciton call
struct BW2{P} <: AbstractFunctionWithParameters
    p::P
end
import AlgebraPDF:func
function func(bw::BW2, x::NumberOrTuple; p=pars(bw))
    m,Γ = (getproperty(p,s) for s in keys(bw.p))
    m*Γ/(m^2-x^2-1im*m*Γ)
end

# same function with different names
bw_i = BW2((m_i=1.1, Γ_i=0.2))
bw_j = BW2((m_j=1.1, Γ_j=0.2))
bw_k = BW2((m_k=1.1, Γ_k=0.2))

Convolution

The most common case of smearing a function with gaussian denisity is implemented. The convolved function is created with

f_conv = convGauss(f::F, σ::T) where F <: AbstractFunctionWithParameters

σ can be a number, but can also be a function <: AbstractFunctionWithParameters.

A customary confolved function or pdf can be defined the same was as e.g. FBreitWignerConvGauss.

Some defined functions

For convenience, some standard functions are predefined.

FGauss((μ=1.2, σ=0.2))
FDoubleGaussFixedRatio((μ=1.2, σ=0.2, r=0.2, n=5))
FBreitWigner((m=0.77, Γ=0.15))
FExp((τ=-0.1,))
FPowExp((n=1.2=-0.1))
FPol((a0=1, a1=2, a2=3, a3=5))
FBreitWignerConvGauss((μ=0.77, Γ=0.15, σ=2.2))
# 
xv = -π/2:0.1:π/2
yv = sin.(xv)
FTabulated(xv,yv)

The corresponding pdf can be defined with Normalized by adding a limits. E.g.,

d = Normalized(FGauss((μ=1.2, σ=0.2)), (-1,4))

Higher dimensions

Function with higher dimensions expect the variable provided as a Tuple, i.e. (x,y), otherwise, the construction and usage are analogous to the one dimensional case.

@makefuntype Amazing2D(x;p) = (x[1]-p.x0)^2+(x[2]-p.y0)^2-p.R0^2
a = Amazing2D((x0=1.1, y0=2.1, R0=0.0))
a((1.1,2.1)) # returns 0
# 
data = collect(zip(rand(10), rand(10)))
a(data) # return a vector of 10 elements

@makefuntype Amazing3D(x;p) = (x[1]-p.x0)^2+(x[2]-p.y0)^2+(x[3]-p.z0)^2-p.R0^2
b = Amazing3D((x0=1.1, y0=2.1, z0=3.1, R0=-1.0))
b((1.1,2.1,3.1)) == -1
# 
data3d = collect(zip(rand(10), rand(10), rand(10)))
b(data3d; p=(x0=1, y0=2, z0=3, R0=-1) )  # return a vector of 10 elements

Plotting

The function object can be plotted as a regular function,

f1 = FGauss((μ1=1.2, σ1=0.2))
plot(f1, 0, 5)

It is replaced to a lambda function by the type recipe.

For a PDF that has the limits, the plotting command will just work

d1 = Normalized(FGauss((μ1=1.2, σ1=0.2)), (0,4))
plot(d1, l=(:orange,3),
    lab="FGauss(μ1=1.2, σ1=0.2)",
    title="Gaussian normalized in (0,4)")

The normalization value other than unit can be passed with the plotting method

plot(d1, normalization=1.0, Nsample=100)

where Nsample is the number of points at which the function is sampled.

Plotting recipe for 2d functions is defined.

@makefuntype Amazing2D(x;p) = (x[1]-p.x0)^2+(x[2]-p.y0)^2-p.R0^2
a = Amazing2D((x0=0.1, y0=-0.1, R0=0.0))
xv, yv = -1:0.1:2, -2:0.1:1
heatmap(xv, yv, updatepar(a, :x0, -0.5))
contour(xv, yv, log(abs2(a)))
surface(xv, yv, abs2(a))

Sample data from PDF

A data set distributed according a given model (<:AbstractFunctionWithParameter, and defined limits) can be generated using a function generate(model, N) with N being the required number of events

@makepdftype ExpAbs(x;p) = exp(-abs(x)/p.σ)
model = ExpAbs((σ=2.1,), (-3,2))
# 
data1 = generate(model, 1000)
data2 = generate(model, 1000; p==0.3,), Nbins=1000)

The inversion of the cdf is done numerically using the binning controlled by Nbins variable. A set of parameters to be used can be passed as a key argument. The function rand will also work:

value = rand(model) # not efficient
data3 = rand(model, 1000) # same as generate(model, 1000)

however, a call for a single number in inefficient (the integral is not stored but computed every time), the call with a set size does the same generate and does not take key arguments. Currently, generate works only in one dimension.

Used By Packages

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