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BOMBs (Bayesian Optimisation of Models for Biosystems) is a simulation and optimisation package for Julia (http://julialang.org/) to make ODE model simulations and design of experiments simpler in the field of Biology (but potentially applied to others). The package is designed to allow the user simulate an ODE model with external inputs, generate pseudo-data, estimate model parameters (Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Bayesian Inference) and design optimal experiments for model selection and calibration in a simple and general way. Advanced programming skills are not required, just make sure to know how to use dictionaries in Julia (https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/base/collections/#Dictionaries).
using Pkg
Pkg.add("BOMBs")or latest master directly from github:
Pkg.add(url="https://github.com/csynbiosysIBioEUoE/BOMBs.jl.git")The model generation section allows you to generate the necessary Julia functions for simulation of your ODEs with time-varying inputs in an easy manner. You only need to provide some information about the model inside a dictionary structure and that is it!
The inspiration on how to introduce the model information to the package comes from the Matlab toolbox AMIGO2 [1], a really nice (frequentist) toolbox worth to check if you have a Matlab licence!
For more information about this section and how to use it have a look at Notebook1 or the brief function documentation of the section from this document.
The model simulation section allows you to simulate your ODEs with time-varying inputs by providing the model generated in section one and introducing the specifications of the experiment(s) in a dictionary. Alternatively, you can provide CSV files from which the experimental details will be extracted.
For more information about this section and how to use it have a look at Notebook2 or the brief function documentation of the section from this document.
The pseudo-data generation section works in a similar way than section two, but not also provides you with the simulations for your model but also generates pseudo-data for the observables you select. The only noise type options (for now) are additive Gaussian homoscedastic or heteroscedastic noise for the observable where you can choose the percentage of noise used from the simulation (heteroscedastic) or the level of noise (Gaussian standard deviation for homoscedastic case).
Thus, the general formulation would be:
where
for the homoscedastic noise and
for the heteroscedastic case where t indicates a time-point, y the observable, nl the standard deviation for the Gaussian noise and pr the percentage of y to be used for the noise.
For more information about this section and how to use it have a look at Notebook3 or the brief function documentation of the section from this document.
The MLE section allows you to quickly estimate the parameters of your model using a (univariate or multivariate) Gaussian distribution form for your likelihood (as a distance measure for the optimisation) between simulations and data. If more than one observable or experiment is present, the average of these will be considered.
For now (expansion might happen in the future), only global optimisation using genetic algorithms (thanks to the package BlackBoxOptim.jl) is present, but multiple instances of the optimisation can be run in parallel if the user desires it. However, if you desire to use a different optimiser, a new cost function script gets generated each time and you can use it, but note that you will need to apply modifications due to the use of global variables.
Additionally, you can use the (univariate or multivariate) Gaussian log-likelihood distributions to perform a cross-validation step with additional data.
As in for the other sections, you only need to provide a dictionary with the specifications of the model, experiment and data making the process easy and quick.
For more information about this section and how to use it have a look at Notebook4 or the brief function documentation of the section from this document.
The Bayesian inference section allows you to quickly and automatically perform Bayesian inference (multi-experimental inference is considered) of your model parameters using Stan [2], a wonderful tool worth to check. To be able to perform the inference within the package, you will need to have CmdStan installed in your computer. Please, refer to this document to see how I installed it (there might be other ways, just make sure that it works and that you apply the mentioned modifications).
This section of the package will automatically generate the data structure and Stan model script to perform the inference in a similar way than shown in references [3,4,5] (note that that code is in R, here I translated everything to Julia), allowing as much freedom as possible in the definition of your priors. The main intention of the section is to automatically generate the data structure and the main code to perform inference of your model considering event input experiments (external inputs that change across an experiment) without you having to spend a lot of time coding and debugging it (believe me, it takes a long time). Alternatively, you can use this section to generate the aforementioned script and then use it in a different environment for Stan (such as RStan or PyStan).
Additionally, this section allows you to compute an entropy approximation of your priors samples or definitions and posterior samples as we did in [3] following the work in [6] but in a general way so it can be quickly and easily applied to your model.
For more information about this section and how to use it have a look at Notebook5 or the brief function documentation of the section from this document.
The Bayesian inference section also allows you to generate all the necessary scripts and structures in the same fashion as the previous section but to perform inference using Turing.jl. Note that the user will have to run the inference outside BOMBs since the package only generates all necessary data structures and scripts. Finally, there is less flexibility in the prior definition (no multivariate priors for example), nonetheless, it is a much quicker way to start performing simple inferences all within Julia without you adventuring into Stan. Also, to be able to use Turing you need to import Turing.jl and MCMCChains.jl (using Turing; using MCMCChains) since these are not included as dependencies of BOMBs. The main Turing model generated already imports these, so just make sure to have them installed.
For more information about this section and how to use it have a look at Notebook5b or the brief function documentation of the section from this document.
The OED for model selection section allows you to design an experiment to optimally discriminate between 2 competing models. For now, the only design available is the optimisation of the concentration for your external inputs where the rest of the experimental details (sampling times, input switching times, observables, etc.) have to be provided. However, a lot of work was been done to allow maximum flexibility on how to optimise your inputs. This is; allow some inputs to be fixed across all the experiment, set a fixed value for some of your inputs to a fixed value to not be optimised, set for your inputs to have the same optimised value in some of the selected steps and any possible combination between these. Average between different observables will be considered.
The strategy selected for the optimisation is the one described in [5], where if you only provide one sample for the parameters of your models the frequentist option will take place (Euclidean distance between simulations) and if multiple samples are given for the two models (sorry, but you cannot give only one sample for one model and multiple for the other) the Bayesian option will take place (Bhattacharyya distance between simulations). For the optimisation, everything is set to use the nice package BayesianOptimization.jl (more options will probably be added in the future, but for now with a little modification of the code you can implement different optimisers since a script for the cost/utility function will be generated in each run). For this, default settings will be used, but do not worry, a nice print when using the package will show you where to go (find a function called settingsBayesOpt in the script ModelOEDSelection.jl) in the source code to modify it, and just in case, a backup file with the default settings is also present.
For more information about this section and how to use it have a look at Notebook6 or the brief function documentation of the section from this document.
The OED for model calibration section allows you to design an experiment to optimally infer your model parameters by finding the experiment where your model is most uncertain about (this is, where the posterior predictive distribution for the simulation has maximum uncertainty). For now, the only design available is the optimisation of the concentration for your external inputs where the rest of the experimental details (sampling times, input switching times, observables, etc.) have to be provided. However, a lot of work was been done to allow maximum flexibility on how to optimise your inputs. This is; allow some inputs to be fixed across all the experiment, set a fixed value for some of your inputs to a fixed value to not be optimised, set for your inputs to have the same optimised value in some of the selected steps and any possible combination between these. Average between different observables will be considered.
However, note that in this case the utility function can be defined in two ways: 1) using distance between percentiles, 2) using Entropy approximation for each time point. The former assesses model uncertainty by computing the Euclidean distance between the 0.5 and 99.5 percentiles for a given observable. The latter loops across each time point, fitting a series of distributions (Beta, Exponential, LogNormal, Normal, Gamma, Laplace, Pareto, Rayleigh, Cauchy, Uniform) for each and selecting the one with the best likelihood. Then, the closed Entropy formulation for the resultant distribution will be computed and the sum across all time points entropies will be taken.
The strategy selected for the optimisation is the one described in [7], where only a Bayesian approach is available since we are finding the experiment that yields the most uncertain simulation using your posterior parameters, a frequentist and quick alternative cannot be implemented here using the same strategy (FIM or confidence intervals could be used here, but for that you can have a look at the Matlab toolbox AMIGO2). For the optimisation, everything is set to use the nice package BayesianOptimization.jl (more options will probably be added in the future, but for now with a little modification of the code you can implement different optimisers since a script for the cost/utility function will be generated in each run). For this, default settings will be used, but do not worry, a nice print when using the package will show you where to go (find a function called settingsBayesOpt in the script ModelOEDSelection.jl) in the source code to modify it, and just in case, a backup file with the default settings is also present.
For more information about this section and how to use it have a look at Notebook7 or the brief function documentation of the section from this document.
All source code for the package is included in the directory src and tests sets in the test directory.
For dependencies and version specification, please look at the file Project.toml.
A set of example jupyter notebooks and files can be found in the directory Examples.
Instructions on how to install cmdstan (at least one way to do it, the one that worked for me) can be found in the file InstallStanInJulia.pdf under the directory InstallCmdstanInfo.
For more information about what functions are included in each section of the package and some basic information about them have a look at the file BOMBS_Functions_Documentation.pdf under the directory FunctionDocs.
If you will use the package for your research, please refference it as:
Gomez-Cabeza D sas
1. Balsa-Canto E, Henriques D, Gรกbor A, Banga JR. AMIGO2, a toolbox for dynamic modeling, optimization and control in systems biology. Bioinformatics. 2016 Nov 1;32(21):3357-3359. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw411. Epub 2016 Jul 4. PMID: 27378288; PMCID: PMC5079478.
2. Stan Development Team. 2020. Stan Modeling Language Users Guide and Reference Manual, 2.25. https://mc-stan.org
3. D. G. Cabeza, L. Bandiera, E. Balsa-Canto and F. Menolascina, "Information content analysis reveals desirable aspects of in vivo experiments of a synthetic circuit," 2019 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB), Siena, Italy, 2019, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/CIBCB.2019.8791449.
4. Bandiera, Lucia & Cabeza, D. & Balsa-Canto, Eva & Menolascina, Filippo. (2019). Bayesian model selection in synthetic biology: factor levels and observation functions. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 52. 24-31. 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.231.
5. Bandiera L, Gomez-Cabeza D, Gilman J, Balsa-Canto E, Menolascina F. Optimally Designed Model Selection for Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol. 2020 Nov 20;9(11):3134-3144. doi: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00393. Epub 2020 Nov 5. PMID: 33152239.
6. M. F. Huber, T. Bailey, H. Durrant-Whyte and U. D. Hanebeck, "On entropy approximation for Gaussian mixture random vectors," 2008 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, Seoul, 2008, pp. 181-188, doi: 10.1109/MFI.2008.4648062.
1. BayesianOptimization.jl: https://github.com/jbrea/BayesianOptimization.jl
2. BlackBoxOptim.jl: https://github.com/robertfeldt/BlackBoxOptim.jl
3. Calculus.jl: https://github.com/JuliaMath/Calculus.jl
4. CmdStan.jl: https://github.com/StanJulia/CmdStan.jl
5. DifferentialEquations.jl: https://github.com/SciML/DifferentialEquations.jl
6. GaussianProcesses.jl: https://github.com/STOR-i/GaussianProcesses.jl
7. GaussianMixtures.jl: https://github.com/davidavdav/GaussianMixtures.jl
8. ScikitLearnBase.jl: https://github.com/cstjean/ScikitLearnBase.jl
9. Turing.jl: https://turing.ml/stable/
Gomez-Cabeza, David & Bandiera, Lucia & Menolascina, Filippo. BOMBs.jl: a low-code Julia package for the simulation, Bayesian inference and optimal experimental design of biomodels. Submitted to Bioinformatics, May 2022.